Free Essays on 1960s

, it was not just an issue of going over yonder at seventeen years old to battle for one’s nation. Or maybe, it involved abandoning the wellbeing and security of the home to which you were acclimated, with little desire for returning. When th... Free Essays on 1960's Free Essays on 1960's Opportunity Rides, Vietnam, and Social activism among the adolescents of America have left the 60’s with a significant impact on our general public. Beyond a shadow of a doubt, the time of the 1960’s was one of the most disputable in American History. All through this time of social distress, hostile to war perspectives were picking up pervasiveness in a harmony cherishing subculture, and people started to scrutinize certain parts of administrative arrangement and authority. This was the time of harmony and war, good faith and gloom, social disturbance and disappointment. Vietnam Apparently, no contention during this time more significantly influenced American cultural structure than did the Vietnam war. While a normal visit in Vietnam endured uniquely around one year, the physical, affordable, and mental impacts of the war demonstrated so sensational that they would remain everlastingly engraved in the brains of both the American officers who battled, and all Americans of military age who dreaded they would go straightaway. Over the span of the Vietnam war all the more then twenty-6,000,000 men grew up to be qualified for the draft, 2.15 million of which were sent to Vietnam. The military collected for the Vietnam war was fundamentally more youthful than some other American armed force, with the normal period of troopers going from seventeen to twenty one. There were numerous sentiments of enmity towards the war and draft, particularly from the fighters themselves. Corpsman Douglas Anderson spoke to well known sentiments of hostility towards the war, particularly with respect to the most youthful of the officers battling when he was cited saying: â€Å"if your folks marked specific sorts of papers, you could get over yonder beyond words seventeen.† As prove by his words, it was not only a question of going over yonder at seventeen years old to battle for one’s nation. Or maybe, it involved abandoning the wellbeing and security of the home to which you were acclimated, with little desire for returning. When th...

Microeconomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 8

Microeconomics - Essay Example I would consider both fixed and variable expenses in choosing to go to venture out to New York from Los Angeles by either a plane or a vehicle. Fixed costs that I will consider for the excursion by means of plane incorporate expense of an air ticket, baggage charges, and administrations gave on the excursion, which are fixed expenses as they have been controlled by the aircraft and don't fluctuate. Transportation expenses to and from the air terminal, traffic and different expenses emerging in the wake of landing from the plane are among the variable expenses for thought when voyaging by means of plane. Fuel, food at stops, measure of traffic out and about, are the variable expenses to be considered for going via vehicle while vehicle upkeep, cost charges, any fixes made in transit, leaving expenses paid over the span of the excursion, washing and capacity installments, and mileage to the vehicle are fixed costs when going via vehicle. As is apparent, both fixed and variable expenses are considered in settling on the choice on which transport from to use to New York from Los Angeles. Ruegg, Rosalie T. The Police Patrol Car: Economic Efficiency in Acquisition, Operation, and Disposition : Prepared for National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice, Law Enforcement Assistance Administration, U.s. Branch of Justice. Washington: The Bureau, 1978.

How to Deal With Death and Dying as You Age

How to Deal With Death and Dying as You Age Spirituality Print How to Deal With Death and Dying as You Age By Mark Stibich, PhD  Mark Stibich, PhD, FIDSA, is a behavior change expert with experience helping individuals make lasting lifestyle improvements. Learn about our editorial policy Mark Stibich, PhD Updated on February 07, 2020 Nils Hendrik Mueller / Cultura / Getty Images More in Self-Improvement Spirituality Happiness Meditation Stress Management Holistic Health Inspiration Brain Health Technology Relationships View All In This Article Table of Contents Expand Feelings About Death Physical Aspects Emotional Aspects Spiritual and Existential Aspects Practical Aspects View All Back To Top Whether you are confronting the end of your own life of the loss of a loved one, death is a certainty of life that everyone will face. Even so, knowing that its inevitable doesnt mean youll feel prepared for dealing with death and the grief that follows. A paradox of living is that healthy aging and increased longevity mean youll have more experiences with death throughout your life.?? As we age, so too do the people around us. Over time, many of the people that we know and care about will develop chronic or terminal illnesses. Some of them will die during our lifetimes. The consequence of living longer is that we will continue to lose friends and loved ones to accidents, illnesses, and, as we reach our later years, simply old age. While death is a natural part of life and an unavoidable consequence of aging, that doesnt mean you wont be deeply affected by it. In fact, the ongoing exposure to death is one reason depression is common in older adults.?? However, knowing that death will eventually touch your life in some way means you can be proactive about learning to cope with the dying and grieving process. While you may not be able to predict how it will feel to experience grief (for your own life or someone elses), having a support system in place and the skills necessary to care for your mental health will give you a solid foundation to work from. Feelings About Death Some people seem to be inherently more at peace with death; whether premature or at the end of a long life.?? Others find the dying process difficult to face no matter how old they get or how often they experience the death of a loved one. While your unique personality and experiences influence how you think and feel about death, there are also other factors. For example, the culture you were raised in, as well as the one you are living in at any given time, will shape your beliefs and perceptions of death.?? The way other people in your life perceive and react to grief will also affect your feelings. Your perceptions may also change as you have more experiences with death; this may be felt most strongly if and when your own life is threatened, such as by a serious injury or illness. When we talk about coping with death and dying, there are several components of the process to consider. In addition to the emotional experience, there are also the spiritual or existential elements, as well as physical aspects of death (especially if we are in the position of confronting our own mortality). Each component of the dying process requires a different set of tools for coping but having the skills you need to approach each facet individually will come together to help you move through your unique experience of grief. Physical Aspects What death looks and feels like in the body will depend on the underlying cause. How long death takes, whether it causes pain or other symptoms, and even the appearance of the body throughout the process will vary. Sometimes, the physical process of dying is quick and virtually painlessâ€"such as in a sudden accident that causes fatal injury. In other cases, such as with cancer, death may be a prolonged process that requires constant care for managing pain.?? While the timeline and experience might be different from one person to the next, the steps in the physiological process of dying are fairly consistent. For death to happen, certain systems in the body need to stop working.   If a person is in a fatal car accident, they may die right away from an injury to vital organs. For example, when if the spine and skull are involved, damage to the brain can cause the person to lose consciousness, cut off blood supply to the body, and interrupt communication between the brain and vital organs. When someone is dying from a terminal illness, the organ systems of the body will shut down more slowly.?? They gradually become less aware of what’s happening around them and may start sleeping more. A person who is dying may begin to eat and drink less or stop taking nourishment at all. The closer death is, the more shallow a persons breathing becomes, sometimes making a distinct “rattling” sound.   Whether it happens gradually or suddenly, the World Health Organization (WHO) states that clinical death occurs when all vital functions of the body (including brain activity, blood flow, and breathing) have stopped.??   Tips to Help Yourself in Times of Grief End-of-Life Care Addressing physical pain and discomfort of death will be a priority. Although it can be difficult to have conversations about end-of-life care, it’s important that you and your loved ones discuss preferences before the time comes.   Interventions like hospice or palliative care are designed to alleviate pain and help someone who is dying be as comfortable as possible during the process. Medicine used to treat pain, induce relaxation and sleep, and treat anxiety are often given, in addition to non-pharmaceutical methods to meet these needs. Which interventions are chosen, when they are started, and how long they are used will depend on the preferences expressed by the person who is dying, as well as the recommendations of the physicians overseeing their end-of-life care.   If you’re caring for someone who is dying, your experience of the physical part of the process will likely depend on your senses: the things you see, hear, smell, and can touch. For example, if you are gently washing your loved one’s face, you may notice that they appear very pale and their skin feels clammy. If you were to move your loved one to change their bedding, you might notice the bottom side of their body appears discolored, almost like bruising, from where blood is pooling.   How to Care for a Dying Loved One A person who is dying sometimes loses control of their bowels and urinary system, which can produce sights, smells, and sounds that you may find it difficult to deal with. If the person is conscious when these accidents occur, the physical sensations will likely be uncomfortable or alarming to them.   There are also other sights and smells associated with death that you may be experiencing for the first time. You should know that while these are a natural part of the dying process, it’s also normal for them to make you feel afraid, sad, and even repulsed.?? If you are overwhelmed with providing physical care to a loved one who is dying, you may want to hire a compassionate and trained hospice care worker or private hospice nurse to assist your family. What Does a Hospice Nurse Do? Emotional Aspects The way you feel about death, whether someone else’s or your own, is unique to you and informed by your experiences and beliefs. Ultimately, there are some common feelings that people experience in the process of death and dying. The established stages of grief are often referenced, though they neednt be strictly followed. You might want to think of them as a nonlinear guide or roadmap.?? When someone has reached old age, there are many years of life to reflect on when contemplating death. The process takes time and, as life generally is, will be full of ups and downs.   While people will not necessarily experience the stages of grief in the same order or intensity, there are specific emotions that tend to be associated with death and dying.   Denial and isolation, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance are generally accepted to be the core emotional components of the grieving process.?? Some people experience these emotions in order, but it’s also possible for people to revisit stages or spend more time in one stage than another.   Denial The initial stage of grief is considered denial, wherein a person struggles or refuses to comprehend that they are dying.  They may go to great lengths to ignore the reality of the situation or even discuss it with their loved ones or doctors. The denial phase of grief is often an immediate reaction, and a person begins to move through it once they have had time to process the information. Anger When a person reaches the anger stage, they may experience and express these feelings inwardly, outwardly, or both. They may be angry because they feel they aren’t ready to die or that they don’t “deserve” it. They may process these angry feelings inwardly and prefer to avoid interacting with others. A person may also take their anger out on the people around them including friends, family, and even doctors and nurses.   Normal vs. Complicated Grief Bargaining Eventually, most people move into a stage of bargaining. If they are religious, a person may ask their higher power to save their life. They may pray and promise “to be good” or “better” if only God will spare them.   Conversations with others during the bargaining stage of grief may feature a lot of statements that start with “If only…” These comments may be directed at what a person wishes they could undo about the past (“If only I hadn’t started smoking…”) or focus on the things they are realizing they will miss out on (“If only I could live to see my grandchildren grow up…”). Depression Most people experience depression at some point in the dying and grieving process, though it may take different forms.?? When someone is dealing with the death of a loved one, a period of mourning is an expected reaction to the loss.  Alternatively, when a person is in the process of dying themselves, the mourning is preemptive. Anticipatory grief can involve more than just the loss of their life; as death gets closer and they become more dependent on others, a person may mourn the loss of their independence and their identity.   How Do You Know If Its Grief or Depression? Acceptance The final stage of grief is acceptance. While it’s usually described as a person being “at peace” with death, that doesnt necessarily mean its an easy stage to be in and that a person will feel relieved or unafraid once they reach it. In fact, it’s not uncommon for someone in the last stage of grief to feel nothing at all, and the numbness may help people cope with death.?? It can take a long time to reach a stage of acceptance and reaching acceptance doesn’t mean that a person won’t return to a previous stage if their situation changes.   Having a support network of family and friends at each stage of the grieving process can provide guidance and comfort, but it’s also not uncommon to seek professional help when facing a loss.   People commonly turn to grief counseling, support groups, and clergy to help them process and cope with their grief.   Social Changes Another emotional aspect of dying is the concept of “social death,” which can start long before a person experiences any physical signs of imminent death.?? When someone knows they are likely to die within a specific timeframe, such as after receiving a terminal cancer diagnosis, it inevitably affects their social life. In some cases, a person withdraws from others. If they are very ill, they may be forced to leave work or school and may lose social connections as a result. They may also isolate themselves from friends and family as they try to “come to terms” with their imminent death and take time to reflect on their life. How to Talk to a Dying Loved One Sometimes, a person who is dying may become isolated not because they are withdrawing, but because the people around them are not sure what to say or do.   Friends and loved ones may find it difficult to acknowledge the reality of death (especially when it reminds them of their own mortality) and might avoid being in a situation that forces them to confront it.   Whether or not a person has a wider network of community support also makes a difference. People living in rural areas or far from their families may not have many social resources and may not be well enough to travel elsewhere. Similarly, older adults living in long-term care facilities and nursing homes may experience “social death” for years if they rarely have visitors.?? If you are caring for someone who is dying, social support is an important part of caring for yourself throughout the process.   Caregiver Stress If you have never been in a situation where you have had to consider death, you may be overwhelmed by the need to process your feelings about both the loss of your loved one as well as the reminder that you will die someday.   If you have experienced the death of someone close to you in the past, caring for a loved one going through that process may bring back old memories and grief.   While the needs of your loved one who is dying may feel demanding at times, remember that your own well-being is still your priority. If you are emotionally and physically well, you will have the energy, strength, focus, and patience to be fully present with your dying loved one and attend to their needs. One inspirational sentiment about death I keep coming back to is a story about a little boy who passed away. The little boys mother said a prayer that went: Dear Sam, Thank you for the honor of being your mom. We had a lot of fun. I love you. Please pray for us.I return to this story because I appreciate this way of thinking about death. I hope that, when faced with the  death of a loved one, I will be able to reach this level of peace and understanding. It just seems healthy to me. â€" Mark Stibich, PhD Recognizing Caregiver Stress in the Dying Process Spiritual and Existential Aspects Religious and spiritual needs throughout the dying process will be highly individual, but even someone who has not engaged with religion or spirituality throughout their life may find themselves thinking about these concepts more deeply when they are confronted with death.   When we talk about thinking about life on a bigger level, its referred to as existential thinking or, sometimes, an existential crisis. Any major change or trauma, including serious illness or injury, death, and bereavement, can bring up these thoughts and feelings. The spiritual and existential aspects of the dying and grieving process are natural, but they can also be intense, exhausting, and distressing.?? Coping With Your Fear of Death A person may feel a sense of desperation or as though time is running out as they race to take stock of their lives and make plans for their death. They may reflect back on decisions they made in their lives, question their choices, and wrestle with guilt about things that they said or did. They may ask “What if?” and try to imagine how their life might have played out differently.   Depending on their spiritual and religious beliefs, a person may desire to feel closer to their higher power. They may want to attend religious services more often or have a spiritual leader visit them to provide guidance and comfort.   On the other hand, if they are grappling with anger about their death, they may feel distanced from their spiritual center and may not wish to engage with their religious practice. If a person’s religion has traditions for the dying, they may wish to begin taking part in them. They may also want to discuss how they would like their spiritual life to be reflected throughout the dying process and the period after.   The spiritual and existential needs of people who are caring for loved ones who are dying must also be considered.?? Just as a person who is dying might seek comfort from religious leaders or texts, those who are caring for them may benefit from reaching out to their spiritual or religious community. Practical Aspects Although it might not be foremost on someones mind, addressing the practical aspects of death, dying, and grief is an important part of the process. Its also one that you can plan ahead for. People often find it difficult to discuss end-of-life plans, living wills, and funeral arrangements, but these are elements of the dying process that you can discuss long before they are needed. Once you and your loved ones have spoken openly about your preferences, you can involve professionals such as accountants, funeral directors, lawyers, doctors, and other healthcare professionals to ensure that your wishes will be honored. While the conversation and documentation involved can be overwhelming, and the requirements will depend on where you live, there are many resources available to help you get started. Once the task is done, youll hopefully feel reassured that you have what you need to make the process as easy as possible when the time comes. Setting up a system of friends, neighbors, and community support ensures you are prepared for the time you have left with your loved one. Your mind will likely be far from thoughts of laundry and grocery shopping during this time, but these practical concerns still need to be addressed. Having someone to help with cleaning and meal prep will allow you to focus your time and energy on being with your loved one in their final days. Your To-Do List After a Loved One Dies A Word From Verywell We all will have experiences with death, but we wont all experience death and dying in the same way. Our unique experiences may even change as we age and are confronted with death more often. How we feel about death, what we will need and want during the dying process, and the way we grieve when we lose someone we love is influenced by our beliefs and experiences. Whats important to know is that many of the physical, emotional, and spiritual aspects of dying that are distressing and confusing are actually normal. While you cant always control the circumstances or even know for sure how you will react in a situation, there are aspects of the dying process that you and your family can plan for. Discussing your preferences for end-of-life care, setting up a support network, and reaching out to your spiritual community are all ways you can empower yourself to face death openly and honestly. Whether you are confronting your own mortality or caring for a loved one who is dying, its also important to remember that you dont have to do it alone. In addition to your friends and family, grief counselors, support groups, religious communities, and health care providers can also provide resources and support. End-of-Life: What to Expect, What to Do, and How to Cope

Observation And Analysis Of A Hispanic Infant - 1870 Words

Observation and Analysis of a Hispanic Infant Our Lady of the Lake University SOWK 7328 I) Introduction Jace is the pseudonym the parents chose for the anonymity of this youth. Jace means healing in Spanish and was chosen because every time the youth smiles his mother says it heals her and makes her happy no matter what. Jace was born in 2015 to a mixed family, his father is half Hispanic and half African American and the mother is half African American and half Caucasian, but Jace definitely takes after his father. Jace looks almost identical to the pictures of his father at the same age, Jace will be one-year-old this month. Prior to this observation research was done into the developmental stages of an infant and upon observation Jace seems to fit the normal progressive state of birth to one year old would go through. He is smart, charismatic, creative, happy, but maybe a little spoiled as he is the baby of the family. Jace was the last baby to be born and the third male out of the other five siblings. Anthony has two other children from a previous relationship who live with their m other, one child is an eighteen-year-old male and the other is a seventeen-year-old female. The other four siblings live in the home with Jace, he has an older brother who is sixteen, a sister who is thirteen, a brother who is eleven, and another sister who is eight years old. Anthony and Jeanine are the parents of Jace and who were in the room during Jace’sShow MoreRelatedObservation And Analysis Of Hispanic Infant Essay2428 Words   |  10 PagesOBSERVATION AND ANALYSIS OF HISPANIC INFANT OR TODDLER 2 I) Introduction Tre is the pseudonym the parents chose for the anonymity of this youth. Tres means three in Spanish but was shortened to Tre because he happens to be the third generation with his father’s name. 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Aguilar Our Lady of the Lake Worden School of Social Services Prior to completing observation, I spoke with mother and explained school assignment in which I was to observe the interaction between her and her toddler approximately 45 minutes. I explained I would write a paper on my observations, that no real names would be used, and that the information would only be used for educational purposes. I further explained I would adhere to NASW code of ethicsRead MoreTaking a Look at the Structure of Sleep2233 Words   |  9 Pages 2006) and excessive sleep awakenings decrease (Weinraub et al., 2012). Not all infants demonstrate this decline, 30% of infants and toddlers continue to experience multiple and prolonged nocturnal awakenings. Disruptive sleep-wake cycles may indicate future problems with physiological, emotional, and behavioral self-regulation (Weinraub et al., 2012). A sleep disorder is a concerning illness for parents of infants and toddlers. According to research, most sleep disorders emerge in the first yearsRead MoreThe Epidemiology Triangle and Its Fundamentals in Examining Teenage Pregnancy2112 Words   |  8 Pagesfits in here in public health (Background on Teenage Pregnancy). Researchers use various approaches, tools and methods in analyzing epidemiology. The main approach used is the public health surveillance. This is a continuing systematic gathering, analysis, interpretation and distribution of data about a health-based incident for use in public health action to decrease the level of morbidity and mortality and enhance health (Langille, 2007). Healthcare providers use surveillance system to achieve the

Reporting Practices and Ethics Paper - 813 Words

Reporting Practices and Ethics Paper Reporting Practices and Ethics Paper Financial management of health care organizations can be a complex challenge for health care managers, from the basic elements of financial management to the heavy burdens of ethical compliance and accuracy. In this paper the subject to discuss is financial reporting practices and ethical standards in health care, how health care reform is changing and making these organizations more accountable, and summaries of generally acceptable accounting principles and general financial ethical standards. Financial Management â€Å"There are four recognized elements of financial management: (1) planning, (2) controlling, (3) organizing and directing, and (4)†¦show more content†¦(Federal Accounting Standards Advisory Board, 2011) This gives the guidelines for consistent reporting of transactions. Recent changes in our health care reform laws are changing the manner in which health care organizations are reporting finances. â€Å"Overall, health care-related items are going to become reportable within one or more financial categories. And that means companies will need to have controls and policies in place around that health care data. Whether companies store it in a human resources application or in a financials package, they need to consolidate that information and put the controls in place to ensure its integrity†. (Capobianco, 2010) Financial reporting is already a well documented in most organizations, however these new reform laws are making the reporting not only a priority but also a necessity and accuracy a must. â€Å"It may be cheaper to pay the fines; however, that may n ot be the best business position to take†. 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The lack of ethics results in misinformation and the lack of trust. This paper will first provide a brief summary of an article that discusses ethics in accounting and financial decision-makingRead MoreNational Culture And Corporate Social Responsibility Reporting1676 Words   |  7 PagesDear Professors Coulmont, Loomis, Berthelot, I regret to inform you that your revised manuscript, â€Å"National Culture and Corporate Social Responsibility Reporting† is being rejected. We have completed an evaluation of your paper by sending it to two experts who assessed the overall potential contribution to business ethics research. Unfortunately, based on their feedback there are concerns with the research problem and its significance, the interpretations, and the overall contribution of the

Microeconomic Essay Topics Secrets

Microeconomic Essay Topics Secrets Costs can be either when it comes to financial costs like average fixed expenses and total variable expenses or they can be in regard to opportunity costs, which consider alternatives foregone. Opportunity cost is one method to gauge the price of something. The demand for different commodities by individuals is usually thought of as the results of a utility-maximizing procedure, with each individual attempting to maximize their own utility beneath a budget constraint and a given consumption collection. The price of maintaining their content library has been quickly rising over the past five years since they expand the choices they are offering to consumers, which can be found in the chart below. Now assume that individuals know what type they are but insurance businesses are unable to learn this info. In case the economy directs this issue then it's regarded as OPTIMAL OR EFFICIENT. Most Noticeable Microeconomic Essay Topics In an oligopoly, there are a couple of businesses that control the full sector. There are a few quality substitutes for Netflix. Oligopoly, in which a current market is run by a few of firms that together control the vast majority of the industry share. Point out both the advantages and disadvantages of star ting a new business in the present sector. What You Should Do to Find Out About Microeconomic Essay Topics Before You're Left Behind One of the most difficult things about writing a paper is locating a terrific topic to write about. Picking out the subject wisely will mean that you will pick up the topic you understand well and delight in that is likely to make the entire writing process a lot easier. You obviously have to write about a relevant topic because the entire idea is to find out more regarding the program work. 1 approach to begin is to get a good topic for your term paper. You could also begin researching the places you want to travel to and the length of time you'd love to travel for. Choosing wisely will mean that you will pick a topic you like and know well which will make the writing process far easier. When you're choosing a topic for your paper, you must make certain that you are picking a topic which is relevant and interesting. The topics covered within this list aren't exhaustive which means there's a variety of more exclusive areas that ought to be researched. If you're looking to develop the excellent essay on microeconomics topics by yourself, the very first place you should search is the internet. There are quite a lot of resources that will supply you with an array of essay topics that are associated with the topic of microeconomics. If you have to develop good essay topics all on your own, you'd better search the Web first. The topic you select needs to be interesting to you and also appears professional to your professor. Also, our writers assist you in developing a deeper comprehension of your microeconomics research paper. No surprise that economists have various views on particular aspects of microeconomics. Here is a brief sample essay to acquire your economic muses flowing. The writers we've got on our team are working within this field for over ten decades and have considerable experience of writing microeconomics research paper for those students. Like most definitions in economics, there are a lot of competing suggestions and ways to spell out the term microeconomics. If you're struggling with your capstone project or dissertation, then you're at the most suitable custom writing firm. Studying microeconomics differs from macroeconomics. You must define your principal thesis. Should you need good microeconomics essay topics, they are rather easy to discover the moment you get started exploring the matter deeper. Choosing your macroeconomics essay topics does not need to be frustrating. Up in Arms About Microeconomic Essay Topics? Get clear on what you need your objective to look like so it's possible to create solid steps towards it. While the huge goals function as a destination, the journey is possibly the most important portion of the procedure. When it has to do with setting your own personal targets, honing in on its specifics is critical for success. Self-managing your goals is an important step in the approach.

Paraphrase for Performance Measurement Systems -myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theParaphrase for Performance Measurement Systems. Answer: Planning: Theory: Planning helps to design a possible action that needs to be undertaken by a company. In order to achieve the successful implementation of any organizational strategy, the company must plan how it will allocate its various resources and how will it use organizational capacities in the most effective way. Planning is an important step that involves the act of formulating goals as well as envisioning strategies for future success. The formulation of business specific objectives can only helps in understanding the procedures of achieving organizational success (Lent Brown, 2013). As a result, the planning skill is an important skill required to be present in a manager. Business planning as well as strategic planning needs to be executed simultaneously or individually depending on the expectation and strategy of the organization. An effective planning skill helps a manager predict the possibility of performance degradation of employees or anticipate the possibility of organizational fail ure in the long run, and adopt effective strategies that can help to combat the same (Miner, 2015). However, the goals set by the manager must be framed in accordance with the performance measurement systems approved by the company. The business plan of an organization usually comprises of the business and product description, an analysed report on market condition, the implementation strategy of the formulated plan as well as a budget plan. The section named companys descriptions helps in enlighrening the reader about the companys vision, its organizational structure and its legal obligations. On the other hand, the product descriptions section helps in giving an insight into the unique features of the product. The market analysis report provides detailed idea about the market size, the nature of competition and the demographic details of the consumers (Morgeson et al., 2013). Again, the implementation strategy details how the plan can be executed using the available resources. Lastly, the budget plan will help in showing how much expense is incurred on each course of action, and includes a balance sheet, cost and cash flow analysis and a budget. A strategic planning is equally important as it helps the company to evaluate the internal and external factors that may deserve attention as far as the implementation of organizational plans is concerned (Mathieu et al., 2016). Findings: The responses as recorded by interviewing the manager suggested that a common practice of planning is followed in the organization. Yet at the same time, there remains certain discrepancies as the business plan or the strategic plan has not be properly addressed by the respective personnel such as the Security Manager and Operations Manager. There seems to be limited opportunity for innovative plans in the Victoria University planning process (McShane Von, 2015). As evident from the responses of the interviewees, the planning process has been divided into various parts and each part of the planning process is being assigned to a distinct level of management. For instance, the strategic planning is expected to be carried by the management level of employees, while the task of operative as well as tactical planning has been allocated to the specific departments and middle management section of the organization. Analysis: After reflecting on the planning process of Victoria University, it can b suggested that a little bit of creativity and innovation need to be incorporated in the business plan. As the responses were being analyzed, it became evident that the excessive intervention of the organizational leaders in various levels of decision-making and planning process is hindering the prospect of creative planning process (Mihalache et al., 2014). It is recommended that the organization tries to implement the practice of implementing a collective framework of planning process, whereby the managers will also be involved in the planning process, so that they can offer a multifaceted impression of the performance if various sectors of the organization and accordingly implement corrective measures. Organizing: Theory: Often the managers in an organization are not able to accomplish successful implementation of the planned activities, simply because they fail to adopt an organized approach. The managers should have an organized approach while allocating each planned task to a specific person. The organized approach is also important as it helps in effective management as well as proper coordination during the planning process. This is important as it helps the employees understand the exact needs and expectations of the organization (Nahavandi et al., 2013). It is the duy of the manager to secure the levels of authority, allocate the planned activities effectively to the employees and thereby organize the entire workforce. Without an organized approach, the manager will fail to explain the organizational structure to the employees that will explain how each planned activity has been distributed amongst the different levels of the employees (Pinder, 2014). The organizational structure is defined as the interrelation existing between the various departments of the organization and the individual and their common functions. Adapting the organizational structure of a hierarchy actually refers to the categorical distribution of the relevant levels in an organization, and the employees enjoying a high position in a hierarchy usually enjoy additional power and responsibility at the same time. As far as the organizational function of a manager is concerned, he is responsible for delegating the duties to the respective employees (Robbins and Judge, 2012). The managers should take into consideration the existing activities alongside the strategic changes that needs to be incorportaed in the tasks. The manager should first understand the skills and abilities of the employees, and accordingly only should assign the tasks to the employees of different departments. As an organizer, the manager should try t unite and integrate the activities of the similar groups and increase the division of work in the organization. Since the departmental organization helps in limiting the size of the tasks, it becomes easier for the employees to achieve the tasks as well. The next stage in the process of organization is to categorize the authority, that also involves understanding the consequences for the exchange of responsibility as well as reporting ( Stadler , 2015). There are various ways by which a manager can departmentalize the work, as he may organize the work by function, geography, product type or customer base. Some of the large scale organizations have been found using multiple methods of departmentalization. Besides, the act of organizing also involves the act of designing the individual jobs within the workplace. The leaders should try to strike a balance between responsibility and authority so that the head of each department does end up misusing their positions. Findings : The organizational aspect of the planning process has been considered to an important aspect in the management process at Victoria University. As suggested from the responses of the managers, the managers the organization process by aligning it with the management of the human resources, financial resources and other resources (Wagner Hollenbeck, 2014). The managers keep on organizing various interactive sessions with the employees, that help them to develop a clear understanding of the responsibilities of their assigned works that ensure effective implementation of the strategic plans (Shortell Kaluzny, 2013). Analysis: As per the response of the manager of the organization, Mrs. Geeta Kumar, the organizational function plays an important role in order to organize every resource at the right time and right place and ensures the accomplishment of the organizational goals. By reflecting on the organization capability of the given organization, it can be stated that the organization needs to adopt a sophisticated communication channel, that will help to link the various departments of the organization, and will help in effective implementation of the strategic plans (Shortell Kaluzny, 2013). In order to improve the leadership skills within the organization, the managers can also consider the idea of reorganizing the activities of various leaders of the organization. Leading: Theory: The third important function of a manager is to lead the employees in each activities in order t ensure successful implementation of the plans. The process of leading the employees helps the managers to motivate the employees, interact and communicate with the employees so that they can successfully fulfill the needs and expectations of the organization. The managers are capable of commpnading the employees since they enjoy the leadership position within the organization (McShane Von, 2015). The managers should not only allocate the jobs to the respective employees, but need to inform them about the specific requirements of the tasks, while enjoying their leadership position (Robbins Judge, 2012). The managers should also supervise that th employee are able to meet the task deadlines and provide guidance in case the employees lack competence to achieve a particular task. Findings: As far as the Victoria University is concerned, it has been observed that the leadership style of the executives play an important role in motivating the large workforce of the organization. The leaders of the organization follow a democratic and participatory leadership style which encourage all the employees of the organization participate in the decision-making process and resolve the issues of the organization (Nahavandi et al., 2013). As per the responses of the interview, the executives of the Victoria University assume situations that help them to react to the complex and multiple changes within the business market. At the same time, it is to be noted that the emergence theory is also important feature that characterizes the leadership function of the organization. Analysis: The analysis of the leadership functions of Victoria University shows that the participatory style of leadership is appreciated by most of the employees of the organization that help in talent retention. However, the financial compensation constraints are often unnoticed by the management authority. Hence, the senior managers need to respond to the financial as well as the non-financial motivation in order to improve and retain employees.

Aviation Essay Example

Aviation Essay Example Aviation Essay Aviation Essay Chapter 2 Signals, Signs and Pavement Markings PA Driverâ„ ¢s Manual CHAPTER 2: SIGNALS, SIGNS AND PAVEMENT MARKINGS This chapter provides the information you need to know about Pennsylvania roadways. It covers: Signals Signs Pavement Markings SIGNALS Traffic signals are installed at intersections to control the movement of vehicles and pedestrians. Traffic signals are arranged in either vertical lines or horizontal lines. When they are arranged vertically, red is always on top and green on the bottom. When they are arranged horizontally, red is always on the left and green on the right. RED, YELLOW AND GREEN TRAFFIC LIGHTS AND ARROWS When there is a STEADY RED LIGHT, you must stop before crossing the marked stop line or crosswalk. If you do not see any lines, stop before entering the intersection. Wait for a green light before you start. You may turn right while the light is red, unless a NO TURN ON RED sign is posted at the intersection. You must first stop, check for and yield to pedestrians and other traffic. You may also turn left after you stop at a red light, if you are in the left lane and are turning left from a one-way street onto another one-way street, unless a sign tells you not to turn. You must first stop and yield to pedestrians and other traffic. A STEADY YELLOW LIGHT tells you a steady red light will soon appear. If you are driving toward an intersection and a yellow light appears, slow down and prepare to stop. If you are within the intersection or cannot stop safely before entering the intersection, continue through carefully. A STEADY GREEN LIGHT means you may drive through the intersection, if the road is clear. You may also turn right or left unless a sign tells you not to; however, when turning, you must yield to other vehicles and pedestrians within the intersection. ?   A GREEN ARROW means you may turn the way the arrow points. When you turn during the green arrow phase, your turn is protected because oncoming traffic is stopped by a red light. If the green arrow turns into a green light, you may still turn in that direction, but first yield to pedestrians and oncoming traffic. ?   A YELLOW ARROW means the movement permitted by the green arrow is about to end. You should slow down and prepare to stop completely before entering the intersection. If you are within the intersection or cannot stop safely before entering the intersection, carefully turn in the direction the arrow is pointing. ?   Although not common in Pennsylvania, a RED ARROW is used in other states. It means you may not turn in the direction the arrow points. -7- Chapter 2 Signals, Signs and Pavement Markings PA Driverâ„ ¢s Manual FLASHING SIGNALS A flashing yellow light means CAUTION. Slow down, look and proceed with care. A flashing red light has the same meaning as a STOP sign. You must come to a complete stop. Then, look both ways, and proceed only after the intersection is clear. NON-FUNCTIONING TRAFFIC LIGHTS A non-functioning traffic signal should be treated as though it were a four-way STOP sign. RAMP-METERING SIGNALS Some highway entrance ramps have traffic signals at the end of the ramp that alternate between steady green and steady red. Ramp metering signals are used to control the flow of traffic onto very congested highways and usually operate during peak rush hours. You must wait for the green signal before you enter the highway. On single-lane ramps, only one (1) car may enter the highway each time the light turns green. For multi-lane on ramps, there will be a ramp meter for each lane. The green light does not protect your entrance onto the highway † you must still look for a safe gap in traffic to enter the highway. LANE USE CONTROL SIGNALS ?   Special signals may also be placed directly over lanes to control traffic. These are commonly used at toll booths, on bridges, tunnels and on multi-lane roads in cities where the direction of travel for a particular lane changes to ease the flow of traffic into or out of the city during peak rush hour. The following signals show how specific lanes of a street or highway should be used: X X A steady downward green arrow over a traffic lane means you may use the lane. A steady yellow X over a traffic lane means you must change lanes because the direction of travel for that lane is about to be reversed. Get ready to leave the lane safely. A steady red X over a lane means you are not allowed to use the traffic lane. A white, steady, one-way left-turn arrow over a lane means you may only turn left, if you are in that lane. A white, steady, two-way left-turn arrow over a lane means you may only turn left, if you are in that lane, but the lane is shared by left-turning drivers approaching from the opposite direction. -8- Chapter 2 Signals, Signs and Pavement Markings PA Driverâ„ ¢s Manual PEDESTRIAN SIGNALS Pedestrians must obey traffic and pedestrian signals. The pedestrian signals you must obey are the WALK and DONâ„ ¢T WALK lights or the lighted picture of a walking person (meaning walk) and an upraised hand (meaning donâ„ ¢t walk). If there are no pedestrian signals at the intersection, pedestrians must obey the red, yellow and green traffic lights. Sometimes pedestrians are not aware of their responsibilities at traffic and pedestrian signals. Be alert for pedestrians, who may not obey the signal. Always yield to pedestrians. When a steady WALK or walking person comes on, start crossing, but be alert for turning vehicles that may not lawfully yield the right of way. When the flashing DONâ„ ¢T WALK or flashing upraised hand begins: a. Finish crossing, if you are in the street. When the steady DONâ„ ¢T WALK message or steady upraised hand is displayed, do not cross. b. Do not start to cross, if you have not left the curb. Blind Pedestrians When driving near a blind pedestrian who is carrying a white cane or walking with a guide dog, you must slow down, always yield the right-of-way and then proceed with caution. Be prepared to stop your vehicle in order to prevent injury or danger to the pedestrian. SCHOOL ZONE SIGNALS School zone signals are flashing yellow signals placed on the school zone speed limit signs. You must travel no faster than 15 mph when the yellow signals are flashing or during the time periods indicated on the sign. Exceeding the speed limit in a school zone will result in three (3) points on your driving record, and you will also be fined. RAILROAD CROSSING SIGNALS Drivers are alerted when approaching a railroad crossing by the railroad crossing sign. Railroad crossings should be approached with caution at all times. You should always look both ways and listen for any approaching trains or signals before proceeding across the railroad tracks. You are required to stop at all railroad crossings when there is a signal of an approaching train. These signals include flashing red lights, a lowered crossing gate, a flagger signaling or a trainâ„ ¢s audible signal of warning. Do not move forward or attempt to go around any gate or ignore any signal of an approaching train. If there are no signals at the railroad crossing, you should slow down and prepare to stop, if you see or hear a train approaching. Proceed with caution only after all signals are completed and then only when there is evidence no trains are approaching the crossing. You should stop if a train is approaching and has sounded its audible signal or is plainly visible and in hazardous proximity to the crossing. Do not stop your vehicle on a railroad track, regardless of whether a train appears to be coming. If traffic is backed up because of a traffic signal, stop sign or for any other reason, make sure you stop your vehicle in a location where it will be entirely clear of any railroad tracks. Refer to Chapter 3 for more information about how to safely cross a highway-railroad intersection. -9- OBEY RAILROAD CROSSING SIGNS AND SIGNALS Chapter 2 Signals, Signs and Pavement Markings PA Driverâ„ ¢s Manual SIGNS Signs are divided into three (3) basic categories: Regulatory, Warning and Guide signs. Most signs within each category have a special shape and color. REGULATORY SIGNS Regulatory signs tell you what you must do, or must not do, according to the law. The regulations posted on these signs advise you about speed limits, the direction of traffic, turning restrictions, parking restrictions, etc. If you do not obey the messages on regulatory signs, you could be fined and receive points on your driving record because you are breaking the law. You also risk your safety and the safety of others by disobeying the messages on regulatory signs â€Å" for example, failing to stop at a stop sign, passing another car where it is not safe to pass, driving faster than the posted speed limit or driving the wrong way on a one-way street. Usually, regulatory signs are black and white vertical rectangles or squares, like SPEED LIMIT signs. Some regulatory signs are black, white and red, like the NO LEFT TURN sign with a circle and slash. Other regulatory signs are red and white, like STOP, YIELD, DO NOT ENTER and WRONG WAY signs. The STOP sign is the only octagon-shaped (8-sided) sign you see on the highway. At an intersection with a STOP sign, you must stop completely, check for pedestrians and cross traffic to clear the intersection before you go again. Slowing down without coming to a full stop is illegal. When you see a crosswalk or a stop line, stop before the front of your vehicle reaches the first painted line. If you cannot see traffic, yield to any pedestrians and then carefully pull forward past the line until you can see clearly. Check for traffic and pedestrians and then go ahead when the intersection is clear. EXCEPT RIGHT TURN This sign is also used in conjunction with stop signs. This sign allows motorists to make the right turn without stopping. A FOUR-WAY STOP sign means there are four stop signs at this intersection. Traffic from all four directions must stop. The first vehicle to reach the intersection should move forward first. If two vehicles reach the intersection at the same time, the driver on the left yields to the driver on the right. If facing one another both can proceed with caution, watching for possible turns. 4-WAY YIELD signs are triangular (3-sided) in shape. When you see this sign, you must slow down and check for traffic and give the right-of-way to pedestrians and approaching cross traffic. You stop only when it is necessary. Proceed when you can do so safely without interfering with normal traffic flow. Remember, you must have a sufficient gap in traffic before you can continue on at either STOP or YIELD sign locations. TO ONCOMING This sign is used in conjunction with a yield sign at a one-lane bridge or underpass location to alert motorists the one-lane roadway requires them to yield the right-of-way to opposing traffic. TRAFFIC RAILROAD CROSSBUCK SIGN. This sign is placed at a railroad crossing where the tracks cross the roadway. You should treat the crossbuck sign as a YIELD sign; slow down and prepare to stop, if you see or hear a train approaching. Refer to Chapter 3 for more information about railroad crossing safety. 10 Chapter 2 Signals, Signs and Pavement Markings PA Driverâ„ ¢s Manual The DO NOT ENTER and WRONG WAY signs work as a team. The DO NOT ENTER sign is put at the beginning of one-way streets and ramps. When you see this sign, do not drive onto that street or ramp in the direction you are heading. WRONG WAY signs are placed farther down the one-way street or ramp. They are placed there to catch your attention, if you accidentally turn onto the street or ramp. The ONE WAY sign means traffic is allowed to move only in the direction the sign is pointing. If you turn onto a one-way street traveling in the opposite direction, you are likely to get into a head-on collision. DIVIDED HIGHWAY NO TRUCKS DIVIDED HIGHWAY This sign means the road you are on intersects with a divided highway. The divided highway is really two (2), one-way roadways that are separated by a median or a guide rail. At the first roadway, you can only turn right, and at the second roadway, you can only turn left. NO BICYCLES NO PEDESTRIAN CROSSING NO TRUCKS, NO BICYCLES and NO PEDESTRIAN CROSSING Operators of trucks, bicycles and pedestrians may not use roadways where these signs are posted. The following signs are located where certain actions are prohibited at any or all times: NO U-TURN NO RIGHT TURN NO LEFT TURN This sign prohibits U-turns. Do not make a complete turn to go in the opposite direction. This sign indicates right turns are prohibited. Do not make a right turn at this intersection. This sign indicates left turns are prohibited. Do not make a left turn at this intersection. DO NOT PASS NO PARKING You may not park a vehicle at locations where this sign is posted. DO NOT PASS This sign may be placed in areas where you may not pass any vehicles going in the same direction. It is often accompanied by the yellow pennant-shaped sign that says NO PASSING ZONE (Refer to Warning Signs). The following LANE USE CONTROL SIGNS (Directional) are placed at or near intersections above the traffic lane they control to show what maneuver(s) are permitted from that lane. This sign indicates that at the intersection ahead traffic in the left lane must turn left and traffic in the adjoining lane may turn left or continue straight. 11 CENTER LANE LEFT TURN ONLY This sign indicates where a lane is reserved for the exclusive use of left-turning vehicles in either direction and is not to be used for through traffic or passing. Chapter 2 Signals, Signs and Pavement Markings PA Driverâ„ ¢s Manual LANE USE CONTROL SIGNS (continued) TURN TO LEFT OR RIGHT STRAIGHT OR TURN RIGHT TURN RIGHT ONLY If you are in a lane controlled by signs like these, you may travel in either direction the arrows point. TURN LEFT ONLY If you are in a lane controlled by a sign with a turn arrow and the word ONLY, when you reach the intersection, you must make the turn. You may travel only in the direction the arrow points, even if you are in the turn-only lane in error. KEEP RIGHT These signs direct drivers to keep to the right of the traffic island or divider. A SPEED LIMIT sign indicates the maximum legal speed under ideal conditions for the stretch of highway where it is posted. Your safety may depend upon driving slower than the posted speed under poor conditions. TEEN CRASH?FACT Driving too fast for conditions is the No. 1 reason 16 and 17-year-old drivers are involved in crashes. You may not turn during the red light cycle at an intersection where one of these signs is posted. You must wait for the signal to turn green. LEFT TURN YIELD ON GREEN LEFT TURN YIELD ON?GREEN This sign indicates a left turn is permitted, but you must yield to oncoming traffic. It is commonly placed at intersections, near the left-turn traffic signal, to remind drivers left turns are not protected when the circular green signal comes on. OPPOSING TRAFFIC HAS EXTENDED GREEN OPPOSING?TRAFFIC? HAS?EXTENDED?GREEN This sign is posted where opposing traffic may continue to move after your signal has turned red. RESERVED PARKING Although this sign is not black and white, it is a regulatory sign. It marks areas where parking is reserved for disabled persons or severely disabled veterans. Vehicles parked in these spaces must display authorized registration plates or parking placards. Unauthorized vehicles parked in these spaces are subject to a fine and towing costs. 12 Chapter 2 Signals, Signs and Pavement Markings PA Driverâ„ ¢s Manual WARNING SIGNS Warning signs tell you about conditions on or near the road ahead. They warn you about possible hazards or changes in roadway conditions. They are posted before the condition, so you have time to see what is ahead, decide how you should respond and slow down or change your travel path, if necessary. Warning signs are usually diamond shaped with black symbols or words on a yellow background. NO PASSING ZONE This is the only pennant-shaped warning sign. This sign marks the beginning of a no passing zone and is placed on the left side of the road facing the driver. CHEVRON SIGNS There is a sharp change in the direction of the road, such as a curve to the left or right. The road bends in the direction the chevron points. When used in a curve, there will be an advanced curve warning sign, and there may be several chevron signs placed throughout the curve. LEFT CURVE The road curves ahead to the left. You need to slow down, stay in the center of your lane and prepare to navigate through the left-bending curve. RIGHT CURVE The road curves ahead to the right. You need to slow down and position your vehicle slightly to the right of the center of your lane, as you drive through the right-bending curve. SHARP LEFT TURN The road ahead turns sharply to the left. You need to slow down substantially, stay in the center of your lane and prepare to navigate through the sharp left turn. Some sharp turn signs have an advisory speed located on the sign or posted below it. SHARP RIGHT TURN The road ahead turns sharply to the right. You need to slow down substantially, position your vehicle slightly to the right of the center of your lane and prepare to navigate through the sharp right turn. Some sharp turn signs have an advisory speed located on the sign or posted below it. SET OF CURVES The road ahead curves first in one direction and then back in the other direction (a set of two (2) curves). Slow down and prepare to navigate through the set of curves. RIGHT AND LEFT SHARP TURNS The road ahead turns sharply first in one direction and then back in the other direction. Slow down substantially and prepare to navigate through the set of turns. 13 Chapter 2 Signals, Signs and Pavement Markings PA Driverâ„ ¢s Manual WINDING ROAD (SERIES OF CURVES) This sign indicates there are three (3) or more curves in a row on the road ahead. ONE DIRECTION LARGE ARROW The road ahead changes direction at an extreme angle. Before you reach such an extreme curve, slow down as much as you would to make a turn at an intersection. ROAD ENTERING CURVE The main road curves to the left with a side road entering from the right. Approach the intersection with extra caution. A driver preparing to enter the main road may not be able to see you approaching from around the curve and may pull out in front of you, leaving you little room to avoid a crash, if you are traveling too fast. TRUCK ROLLOVER This sign identifies curves where trucks traveling at excessive speeds have a potential to rollover. ADVISORY SPEED SIGNS This sign may be used with any diamond-shaped warning sign. The highest speed you should travel around a sharp left curve ahead is 25 mph. MERGING TRAFFIC This sign is placed on a major roadway to tell you traffic may be merging into your lane from another roadway or a ramp. In this example, the traffic will be entering your lane from the right. Entering traffic must yield to traffic already on the major roadway. ADDED LANE This sign is placed in advance of a point where two roadways meet. It means merging is not necessary because the entering traffic uses a new lane that has been added to the roadway. 14 Chapter 2 Signals, Signs and Pavement Markings PA Driverâ„ ¢s Manual DIVIDED HIGHWAY BEGINS The highway ahead becomes a divided highway with two oneway roadways and a median or divider separating traffic moving in opposite directions. Keep to the right of the divider or median. DIVIDED HIGHWAY ENDS The divided highway on which you are traveling ends ahead. You will then be on a roadway with twoway traffic. Keep to the right of the centerline and watch for oncoming traffic. TWO-WAY TRAFFIC AHEAD The one-way street or roadway ends ahead. You will then be traveling on a road with two (2) lanes of traffic moving in opposite directions. Stay in your lane to the right of the centerline. This sign may also be placed at intervals along the two-way roadway. LANE ENDS These signs tell you one (1) lane on a multi-lane roadway will end ahead. In these examples, the traffic in the right lane must merge left. LANE ENDS MERGE LEFT INTERSECTION?SIGNS The signs below show types of intersections. By showing you in advance how the roads join each other, the signs let you know when the road you are traveling on does not continue straight through the intersection. The signs also warn you about possible problems with the movements of other vehicles. Approach all of these intersection types with extra caution by searching ahead and preparing to slow down, if necessary. CROSS ROAD SIDE ROAD T INTERSECTION Y INTERSECTION CIRCULAR INTERSECTION TWO DIRECTION LARGE ARROW This sign is placed at the far side of a T-intersection to tell you that you can only go left or right. The road you are on does not continue straight through at the intersection. NARROW BRIDGE OR UNDERPASS AHEAD Each lane on the bridge or underpass becomes narrower, and there generally is no shoulder. You need to slow down and make sure you stay in your lane. If a driver approaching from the opposite direction has a wide vehicle or is taking up part of your lane, wait until he or she clears the area. SLIPPERY WHEN WET Especially slippery conditions exist when wet. In wet weather, reduce your speed and increase your following distance. Do not accelerate or brake quickly. Make turns at a very slow speed. 15 Chapter 2 Signals, Signs and Pavement Markings PA Driverâ„ ¢s Manual DEER CROSSING This sign is posted in areas where deer frequently cross and crashes with deer have occurred. LOW CLEARANCE This sign may be placed on an underpass, or at the entrance to a tunnel or parking garage. Do not enter if your vehicle is taller than the height listed on the sign. SHOULDER SIGNS These signs are placed in advance of locations where the shoulder is lower than the road or the shoulder is soft (not paved). The LOW SHOULDER sign is used where the shoulder is as much as three (3) inches below the level of the road. The SHOULDER DROP OFF sign is used for even more severe drop-off situations. If you stray off of the roadway and one (1) wheel drops off onto a low shoulder or a soft shoulder, do not slam on the brakes or steer sharply to try to get back onto the roadway†you can easily lose control of your vehicle! Refer to Chapter 3 for information about how to safely recover from drifting off of the pavement. HILL/DOWNGRADE There is a steep hill ahead. Slow down and be ready to shift to a lower gear to control your speed and to save wear and tear on your brakes. TRAFFIC SIGNAL AHEAD A traffic signal is present at the intersection ahead. You may not be able to see it because of a curve or hill. If the light is red (or if the light has just turned green), a line of vehicles may be stopped ahead. When you see this sign, slow down and prepare to stop, if necessary. STOP SIGN AHEAD A STOP sign is present at the intersection ahead. You may not be able to see it because of a curve, hill or something else blocking your view. There also may be a line of vehicles stopped ahead at the STOP sign you cannot see. When you see this sign, slow down in preparation to stop. BICYCLE CROSSING AHEAD Bicyclists may be crossing your path ahead. Be prepared to slow down, if necessary. This sign may have either a yellow background (as shown) or a fluorescent yellowgreen background. RAILROAD CROSSING AHEAD You are approaching a railroad crossing. When you see this sign, begin looking and listening for a train. This sign is placed far enough in advance to allow you to stop before you reach the tracks, if necessary. Refer to Chapter 3 for more information about railroad crossing safety. 16 Chapter 2 Signals, Signs and Pavement Markings PA Driverâ„ ¢s Manual ADVANCED INTERSECTION/RAILROAD CROSSING SIGN The intersecting road has a railroad crossing within a very short distance from the intersection. If you are planning to turn onto the intersecting road and if a train is approaching, be prepared to stop. SHARE BICYCLE/MOTOR VEHICLE SHARE THE ROAD Used at roadway pinch points (no shoulder, narrow lanes, etc.) to warn you, as a motorist, to provide adequate space for bicyclists to share the roadway. THE ROAD PEDESTRIAN CROSSING Used at a marked crosswalk or in advance of locations where pedestrians may be crossing your path. Be prepared to slow down or stop, if necessary. This sign may have either a yellow background (as shown) or a fluorescent yellow-green background. SCHOOL This is the only pentagon-shaped sign used on the roadway. It means you are approaching a school zone. If the sign is accompanied by a downward-pointing arrow, it means you are at the school zone crosswalk. You should slow down, watch for children crossing the road and stop, if necessary. This sign may have either a yellow background (as shown) or a fluorescent yellow-green background. HORSE-DRAWN VEHICLE This sign is posted in areas where slow moving, horse-drawn vehicles cross or share the roadway with motorized vehicles. OBJECTS ADJACENT TO THE ROADWAY Objects close to the edge of the road sometimes need a marker to warn drivers of the potential danger. These include underpass supports, ends of bridges, guiderails and other structures. In some cases, there may not be a physical object involved, but rather a roadside condition such as a drop-off or an abrupt change in the roadway alignment. Such roadside objects and conditions are indicated by the following markers, where the stripes are angled down in the direction you need to move to avoid the hazard: Right Hazard Keep to the Left Center Hazard Keep to the Left or Right 17 Left Hazard Keep to the Right Chapter 2 Signals, Signs and Pavement Markings PA Driverâ„ ¢s Manual WORK ZONE SIGNS (WORK AREA AND CONSTRUCTION ZONE SIGNS) Work Zone Signs are normally diamond shaped, like warning signs, but they are orange with black lettering instead of yellow with black lettering. These signs identify maintenance, construction or utility areas where workers or equipment may be on or near the roadway. Stay alert and slow down when you see these signs. Turn on your headlights when traveling through a work zone, no matter what time of day. This is the law for all posted work zones, not just for active ones. Using your headlights makes your vehicle more visible to other traffic as well as to highway workers. If you are pulled over by police for a traffic violation in a work zone and your vehicleâ„ ¢s headlights are not turned on, you will be fined an additional $25. ACTIVE WORK ZONE WHEN FLASHING INCREASED PENALTIES ROAD WORK AHEAD END ACTIVE WORK ZONE These WORK ZONE signs are placed at the beginning and end of an active work zone. An active work zone is the portion of a work zone where construction, maintenance or utility workers are on the roadway, or on the shoulder of the highway next to an open travel lane. ROAD WORK AHEAD This sign informs you there is road work ahead and also cautions you to slow down. WORKERS AHEAD Workers may be on or are very close to the roadway, so take special care when traveling through the area. LANE CLOSED AHEAD This sign tells you a particular lane will be closed at a specified distance ahead. RIGHT LANE RIGHT LANE CLOSED CLOSED 1000 FT 1000 FT FLAGGER AHEAD (ROAD CONSTRUCTION AHEAD) The sign to the left shows a flagger is controlling traffic ahead. As shown below, flaggers use STOP and SLOW paddles or a red flag to signal you to stop or slow down. Pay special attention to flaggers when approaching and traveling through a work zone. TRAFFIC MUST STOP AND WAIT TRAFFIC MUST MOVE SLOWLY 18 DID YOU KNOW Highway workers have forms to report motorists who speed or drive unsafely in work zones to the police, who may then issue a ticket, resulting in fines and points. Chapter 2 Signals, Signs and Pavement Markings PA Driverâ„ ¢s Manual ELECTRIC ARROW PANELS Large electronic flashing arrow panels (move/merge right or left) placed in the roadway or mounted on vehicles advise approaching motorists of lane closures. Begin your merge well in advance of the sign. An arrow panel displaying either of the messages shown in the figure to the far right (caution) indicates there is a work area ahead next to the travel lane. Drive with extra caution. MOVE/MERGE RIGHT CAUTION MOVE/MERGE LEFT CHANNELING DEVICES Barrels, tubes, cones and vertical panels are all devices used in work zones to guide you through changing traffic patterns and keep you away from hazards associated with road work. GUIDE SIGNS Guide signs provide information about intersecting roads, help direct you to cities and towns, and show points of interest along the highway. Guide signs also help you find hospitals, service stations, restaurants and motels. Usually these signs are horizontal rectangles. HIGHWAY/EXPRESSWAY GUIDE SIGNS The following three signs are examples of highway and expressway guide signs. They are green with white letters. Most highway and expressway signs are posted the same way. For example, there is usually one advance sign which is followed by another advance sign. The third sign then is posted at the exit. Several signs are necessary because the high speed and heavy traffic on highways can cause drivers to miss seeing a single sign. Also, motorists may need to make one or more lane changes to exit. EXITS 30 E-W EXITS 30 E-W 22 22 Colonial Park Progress 2 MILES Colonial Park Progress 1 MILE EXIT 30 E 22 EAST Colonial Park EXIT NUMBERS Exit numbers have been revised to correspond with the mile markers similar to states to the west and south of Pennsylvania. This change allows motorists to quickly calculate distances between exits, e.g., the distance between Exit 95 and Exit 20 is 75 miles. EXIT 30-W If a yellow panel with the message EXIT ONLY is on a highway sign, the lane below the sign will not continue through the interchange; instead, the lane will go off of the road to form a ramp. If you are in a lane posted with an EXIT ONLY, you may change lanes, or you must exit the highway if you stay in this lane. 19 22 WEST Progress 1 MILE EXIT ONLY EXIT 30 W 22 WEST Progress EXIT ONLY Chapter 2 Signals, Signs and Pavement Markings PA Driverâ„ ¢s Manual HERE ARE SOME TIPS TO LET YOU KNOW WHICH SIDE OF THE HIGHWAY YOU WILL EXIT: EXIT 7 EXIT 13 WEST 22 80 Trenton 1 MILE Exit 13 for Route 22 will be on the left side of the highway. 80 22 Bowie Exit 7 for Route 22 will be on the right side of the highway. The small green EXIT number sign on top of the green rectangular sign will be on the left side of the sign, if the exit is on the left side of the highway. The small green EXIT number sign on top of the green rectangular sign will be on the right side of the sign, if the exit is on the right side of the highway. If the sign has white arrows, the arrow will point in the direction of the exit. INTERSTATE NUMBERING SYSTEM The red, white and blue shield sign indicates a highway is an interstate. These interstates are specially numbered to help motorists find their way through unfamiliar areas. A code is used to show if the route travels mainly east and west or north and south, and to show if the route is in the eastern, middle or western United States. Decoding the Interstate Numbering System. The numbers on the interstate shield can be a great navigational aid when you understand how they are developed. They generally follow this pattern: One or two-digit, even-numbered interstates are generally east-west routes. Nationally, the numbers increase from I-10 in the south to I-94 in the north. In Pennsylvania, I-76 is in the southern part of the state, and I-84 and I-80 are in the northern part. One or two-digit, odd-numbered interstates are generally north-south routes. Numbers increase from the west coast I-5 to the east coast I-95. In Pennsylvania, I-79 is in the western part of the state, and I-95 is in the eastern part. Three-digit numbered interstate highways connect to other major highways. If the first of the three (3) digits is an even number, the highway usually connects to interstate highways at both ends, such as I-276 in Philadelphia. Many times such routes are known as loops or beltways. When the first of the three (3) digits is an odd number, the highway is usually a spur route connecting with another interstate at only one (1) end, sometimes going into a city center such as I-180 in Williamsport. 1 9112 1490 16 MILE MARKERS Mile markers are used on some highways to indicate the number of miles from the point where the traffic route entered the state or from its beginning, if it does not extend to the state borders. The numbers start at zero in the western part of the state for east-west roadways and in the southern part of the state for north-south roadways. The numbers increase as you travel east or north and decrease as you travel west or south. For example, when you enter Pennsylvania from the west on Interstate I-80, the mile markers begin at Mile 1 and increase as you travel east. Knowing how to read mile markers can help you to know exactly where you are and give an approximate location, if you have to call for roadside assistance. 20 Chapter 2 Signals, Signs and Pavement Markings PA Driverâ„ ¢s Manual ROUTE MARKERS The following signs indicate the route on which you are traveling. The route marker shows you the road is U.S. Traffic Route 22. 22 39 The junction plate on this route marker shows you are approaching the intersection of U.S. Traffic Route 22. 22 WEST 22 WEST The supplemental arrow on this route marker assembly means you are approaching a right turn to continue on U.S. Traffic Route 22 West. JCT TO 22 22 The keystone marker shows you the road is Pennsylvania Traffic Route 39. The direction plate on this route marker shows you are traveling west on U.S. Traffic Route 22. The route marker sign and TO trailblazer sign and the supplemental arrow means if you want to gain access to U.S. Traffic Route 22, you must continue ahead. SERVICE SIGNS The following signs are examples of service signs. The signs are square or rectangular, are blue with white letters or symbols, and show the location of various services located at the next exit. D HOSPITAL TELEPHONE FOOD GAS DIESEL LODGING TOURIST-ORIENTED DIRECTIONAL SIGNS 3 Susquehanna Indian Museum GETTYSBURG NATIONAL MILITARY PARK 2 MILES 21 These signs are square or rectangular and may be blue or brown with white lettering. The signs direct motorists to tourist attractions such as museums, historical landmarks, or state or national parks. Chapter 2 Signals, Signs and Pavement Markings PA Driverâ„ ¢s Manual PAVEMENT MARKINGS Most roads have permanent markings to show the center of the road, travel lanes or road edges. The markings that show the center of the road are solid or broken lines. These pavement markings also indicate special lane use. Yellow lines divide traffic traveling in opposite directions. Yellow lines are used to mark the center of two-lane roads, and to mark the left edge of divided highways, one-way streets and ramps. Solid white lines divide lanes of traffic traveling in the same direction. Solid white lines are also used to mark the right edge of the road. M M A double, solid yellow centerline shows the center of a twoway road. Even if it is not marked with a NO PASSING sign, passing by traffic traveling in either direction is not allowed on roads marked in this manner. The combination of a solid yellow and a broken yellow centerline also shows the center of a two-way roadway. You may pass if the broken line is on your side of the road and safe conditions exist, but you may not pass when a solid yellow line is on your side of the road. M A single, broken yellow centerline shows the center of a two-way, two-lane road. Passing is permitted on either side, if safe conditions exist. When passing, you must use the lane belonging to oncoming traffic. M As a general rule, broken traffic lines can be crossed and solid lines cannot, except when making a turn. Some examples of different pavement markings and their meanings follow: M M M M TURNING LANE ONLY MM MM MM MM Marking patterns like these may be found on many three-Iane or five-lane highways. The outside, solid yellow centerline means you cannot use the center lane for passing. The inside, broken yellow and solid yellow centerlines show vehicles traveling in either direction may use the center lane only to make left turns. Refer to Chapter 3 for more information about using center turn lanes safely. Multi-lane highways without medians (center dividers) are often marked as shown. Broken white lines show which lanes can be used by vehicles traveling the same way. You may cross the broken white lines to pass, (be sure the passing lane is clear) but you may not cross the double yellow centerlines to pass. Traffic is traveling in the opposite direction in the lane to the left of the yellow centerline. This pattern is used on most limited access highways with medians (center dividers). The right edge of the road is marked with a solid white line. The left edge of each side is marked by a solid yellow line. The traffic lanes for each side are marked by broken white lines, which may be crossed. Pavement markings also include words painted on the pavement and arrows that supplement messages posted on regulatory and warning signs. Examples include the words STOP AHEAD before an intersection with a STOP sign, YIELD or white triangles painted across the lane to indicate you must yield to approaching traffic, SCHOOL before a school zone, R X R before a railroad crossing, BIKE LANE for a lane reserved for bicyclists, ONLY with a left or right arrow to indicate the lane is reserved for turns only and large white arrows to indicate the direction of travel on oneway streets and highway off-ramps. 22 Chapter 2 Signals, Signs and Pavement Markings PA Driverâ„ ¢s Manual CHAPTER 2 REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. WHEN YOU SEE THIS SIGN, YOU MUST: A. Stop completely, check for pedestrians, and cross traffic B. Slow down without coming to a complete stop C. Stop completely and wait for a green light D. Slow down and check for traffic 2. THIS IS THE SHAPE AND COLOR OF A __________ SIGN. A. Stop B. Wrong Way C. Yield D. Do not enter 3. THIS SIGN MEANS: A. Stop B. No U-Turn C. Yield D. Do not enter 4. THIS SIGN MEANS: A. No U-Turn B. No Turning C. No left turn D. No right turn 5. THIS SIGN MEANS: A. No U-Turn B. No left turn C. No right turn D. No turning 6. THIS SIGN MEANS: A. You must turn left or right B. You are approaching a T-intersection C. The road that you are on intersects with a divided highway D. Designates an overpass above a divided highway 7. YOU NEED TO USE EXTRA CAUTION WHEN DRIVING NEAR A PEDESTRIAN USING A WHITE CANE BECAUSE: A. He or she is deaf B. He or she has a mental disability C. He or she is blind D. He or she has a walking problem 8. WHEN DRIVING NEAR A BLIND PEDESTRIAN WHO IS CARRYING A WHITE CANE OR USING A GUIDE DOG, YOU SHOULD: A. Slow down and be prepared to stop B. Take the right-of-way C. Proceed normally D. Drive away quickly 23 DIVIDED HIGHWAY Chapter 2 Signals, Signs and Pavement Markings 9. IF THERE ARE NO SIGNALS AT A RAILROAD CROSSING, YOU SHOULD: A. Slow down and prepare to stop if you see or hear a train approaching B. Proceed as quickly as possible over the tracks C. Proceed through the crossing at a normal rate D. Proceed slowly over the tracks 10. YOU MAY DRIVE AROUND THE GATES AT A RAILROAD CROSSING: A. When the train has passed B. Never C. When the lights have stopped flashing D. When other drivers drive around the gates 11. IF YOU SEE THIS SIGN ABOVE YOUR LANE, YOU: A. May not exit the freeway in this lane B. May continue through the interchange or exit the freeway in this lane C. May stay in this lane and continue through the interchange D. Must exit the freeway if you stay in this lane 12. HIGHWAY AND EXPRESSWAY GUIDE SIGNS ARE: A. Orange with black letters B. Green with white letters C. Yellow with black letters D. Red with white letters 13. THIS SIGN IS USED TO WARN DRIVERS ABOUT: A. Upcoming intersections B. Road construction C. Road curves ahead D. Changes in traffic lanes 14. THIS SIGN TELLS YOU THAT: A. No turns are allowed on this road B. The road narrows ahead C. There are a series of curves ahead D. The road may be slippery when wet 15. THIS SIGN MEANS: A. Left curve ahead B. Series of curves C. S curved ahead D. Slippery when wet 16. THIS SIGN INDICATES THAT: A. There is a steep hill ahead B. No trucks are allowed on the hill C. A logging road is ahead D. There are trucks on the hill 17. A YELLOW AND BLACK DIAMOND-SHAPED SIGN: A. Warns you about conditions on or near the road B. Helps direct you to cities and towns ahead C. Tells you about traffic laws and regulations D. Tells you about road construction ahead 24 PA Driverâ„ ¢s Manual Chapter 2 Signals, Signs and Pavement Markings PA Driverâ„ ¢s Manual 18. THE SIGN WITH THIS SHAPE AND COLOR IS A _____________ SIGN. A. No passing zone B. Wrong way C. Railroad crossing D. Stop 19. WHICH OF THESE SIGNS IS USED TO SHOW THE END OF A DIVIDED HIGHWAY A. 2 1 2 3 LANE ENDS B. 4 MERGE C. 3 LEFT D. 1 20. THIS SIGN IS USED TO WARN DRIVERS ABOUT: A. Lane ends, merge left B. Road curves ahead C. Upcoming intersections D. Road construction 21. THIS SIGN SHOWS ONE TYPE OF: A. Intersection B. Road curve C. Right turn D. Lane change 22. THIS SIGN SHOWS ONE TYPE OF: A. Right turn B. Intersection C. Lane change D. Road curve 23. WHAT SHOULD YOU BE MOST CONCERNED ABOUT WHEN YOU SEE THIS SIGN A. Driving with your headlights out of alignment because one side of your car is higher than the other B. Damaging a tire, if you drift onto the shoulder C. Hydroplaning, if the shoulder has water on it D. Losing control of your vehicle, if you drift onto the shoulder, because of a drop off 24. WHAT A. B. C. D. IS THE MEANING OF THIS SIGN The traffic signal ahead is red The traffic signal ahead is broken The traffic signal ahead is green There is a traffic signal ahead 25. THIS SIGN MEANS: A. Divided highway ends B. One-way street begins C. One-way street ends D. Divided highway begins 26. FROM TOP TO BOTTOM, THE FOLLOWING IS THE PROPER ORDER FOR TRAFFIC LIGHTS: A. Red, yellow, green B. Red, green, yellow C. Green, red, yellow D. Green, yellow, red 25 4 Chapter 2 Signals, Signs and Pavement Markings 27. IF A GREEN ARROW TURNS INTO A GREEN LIGHT, YOU: A. May still turn but you must yield to oncoming traffic B. May no longer turn and must proceed straight C. Still have the right of way to turn D. No longer have to turn the way the arrow indicates 28. A STEADY YELLOW LIGHT AT AN INTERSECTION MEANS: A. Go B. Yield to other cars C. Slow down and prepare to stop D. Stop 29. A FLASHING YELLOW LIGHT MEANS THAT YOU SHOULD: A. Slow down and proceed with care B. Continue through if the way is clear C. Stop and proceed when a green light appears D. Stop and proceed when the way is clear 30. YOU MUST STOP WHEN YOU SEE A: A. Flashing red light B. Steady yellow light C. Yellow arrow D. Flashing yellow light 31. A STEADY GREEN LIGHT AT AN INTERSECTION MEANS THAT YOU: A. Must slow down and prepare to stop B. Must stop and check for oncoming traffic before proceeding C. May drive through the intersection if the road is clear D. May not turn right 32. A STEADY YELLOW LIGHT MEANS THAT A _______ LIGHT WILL SOON APPEAR. A. Flashing yellow B. Steady green C. Steady red D. Flashing red 33. YOU MAY CONTINUE CAREFULLY THROUGH A YELLOW LIGHT IF: A. There is an emergency vehicle crossing your lane B. There are no pedestrians crossing C. You are turning right D. You are within the intersection 34. YOU MAY TURN LEFT AT A RED LIGHT IF: A. There is no traffic coming in the opposite direction B. You are turning from a two-way street onto a one-way street C. You are turning from a one-way street onto another one-way street D. The car in front of you turns left 35. IF A TRAFFIC LIGHT IS BROKEN OR NOT FUNCTIONING YOU SHOULD: A Stop and wait for it to be repaired B Stop and wait for a police officer to arrive C. Continue as if it were a four-way stop sign D. Continue as you normally would 26 PA Driverâ„ ¢s Manual Chapter 2 Signals, Signs and Pavement Markings PA Driverâ„ ¢s Manual 36. YOU MAY TURN RIGHT ON RED IF YOU: A. Stop first and check for traffic and pedestrians B. Have a right turn red arrow C. Are in the left lane D. Slow down first 37. WHEN A. B. C. D. MAKING A RIGHT TURN ON A GREEN LIGHT, YOU MUST: Maintain normal driving speed Stop and look for oncoming traffic Yield to pedestrians Increase your normal driving speed 38. THE SPEED LIMIT IS _______ MILES PER HOUR WHEN THE YELLOW LIGHTS ARE FLASHING ON THE SCHOOL ZONE SPEED SIGN. A. 25 B. 15 C. 20 D. 35 39. A FLASHING RED LIGHT AT A RAILROAD CROSSING MEANS: A. Stop, do not proceed until signals are completed B. Slow down and proceed if clear C. Proceed with caution D. You have the right-of-way ?   40. THIS GREEN ARROW ON A LANE USE CONTROL SIGNAL MEANS THAT: A. You may use this lane B. No traffic is allowed in this lane C. You have the right-of-way D. You must merge into this lane 41. THIS SIGN MEANS: A. Pedestrians ahead B. End of construction zone C. School crossing ahead D. Flagger ahead 42. THIS SIGN MEANS THAT: A. A community service group is picking up trash along the highway ahead B. Workers are on or very close to the road in the work zone ahead C. Children are at play ahead D. There is a pedestrian crosswalk ahead 43. WHEN AN ARROW PANEL IN A WORK ZONE SHOWS EITHER OF THE FOLLOWING PATTERNS, IT MEANS: A. The bulbs on the sign are burned out B. Drive with caution C. Changes lanes immediately D. Tune your radio to a station that gives traffic updates 44. THE CENTER LANE IN THE ILLUSTRATION IS USED FOR: A. Regular travel B. Left turns only C. Passing only D. Emergency vehicles only 27 ROAD WORK AHEAD Chapter 2 Signals, Signs and Pavement Markings PA Driverâ„ ¢s Manual 45. YOU MAY PASS IF THE LINE DIVIDING TWO LANES IS A ___________ LINE. A. Broken white B. Double solid yellow C. Solid yellow D. Solid white 46. LANES OF TRAFFIC MOVING IN THE SAME DIRECTION ARE DIVIDED BY ____ LINES. A. Yellow B. White C. Red D. Black 47. YOU MAY NOT PASS ANOTHER CAR ON EITHER SIDE OF A _______ CENTERLINE. A. Combination solid and broken yellow B. Single broken yellow C. Double solid yellow D. Single broken white 48. YOU MAY CROSS SOLID YELLOW LINES: A. To pass traffic moving in the same direction B. During daylight hours only C. At any time D. When making turns 49. THE ROAD EDGE ON THE RIGHT SIDE IS MARKED BY A ___________ LINE. A. Broken white B. Solid yellow C. Solid white D. Broken yellow audio 50. LANES OF TRAFFIC MOVING IN THE OPPOSITE DIRECTION ARE DIVIDED BY ____ LINES. A. White B. Red C. Black D. Yellow 51. WHEN YOU SEE THIS BLACK AND YELLOW SIGN, IT MEANS: A. The road to the right is for one-way traffic only B. Detour to the right because of road construction C. Slow down because the road ahead changes direction at an extreme angle D. There is a cross road ahead on your right 52. WHEN YOU SEE THIS SIGN, IT MEANS: A. There is an object on the roadway B. Traffic is coming from the right C. The road is curving sharply to the left D. There is a merge point ahead 53. AT AN INTERSECTION CONTROLLED BY A STOP SIGN, IF YOU CANâ„ ¢T GET A GOOD VIEW OF CROSS-STREET TRAFFIC WHEN YOU STOP BEHIND THE WHITE STOP BAR PAINTED ON THE PAVEMENT, YOU SHOULD: A. Wait 5 seconds, then proceed. B. Sound your horn before proceeding C. Put down your windows, listen for traffic, and then proceed D. Pull forward slowly, check for traffic and pedestrians, and proceed when clear 28 Chapter 2 Signals, Signs and Pavement Markings PA Driverâ„ ¢s Manual 54. THE POSTED SPEED LIMITS SHOW: A. The minimum legal speed limit B. The exact speed at which you must travel to avoid a ticket C. The maximum safe speed under ideal road and weather conditions D. The maximum safe speed under all road conditions 55. A HIGHWAY WITH TWO-WAY TRAFFIC IS MARKED BY WHICH OF THESE SIGNS A. 1 1 2 3 LANE ENDS B. 2 MERGE C. 3 LEFT D. 4 56. FROM A. B. C. D. 4 THE CENTER LANE, WHAT MANEUVERS CAN YOU PERFORM Make left turns Make U-turns Pass slower-moving traffic All of the above 57. WHICH OF THESE SIGNS MEANS THAT DRIVERS SHOULD KEEP TO THE RIGHT A. 2 1 2 3 B. 1 C. 3 D. 4 29 4 Chapter 2 Signals, Signs and Pavement Markings PA Driverâ„ ¢s Manual CHAPTER 2 ANSWER KEY 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. A C D A C C C A A B D B C C D A A A A 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. A A B D D D A A C A A C C D C C A C B 30 A A D B B B A B C D C D C C D C C A A